17   The essence of gravity

The source of the quantization
   Today, the phenomenon of quantization in microcosmic field has been known by public. However, about the source of the quantization , we still use Planck's energy quantum concept: Energy can not get arbitrary value, only can just get integer multiple of basic energy quanta. The basic energy quanta is:
   
   The basic energy quanta is the minimum unit of energy. However, many facts have proved that the basic energy quanta does not exist.

1. The energy levels of Hydrogen atoms is :

        ( n£½1,2,3....)

Fig 17.01 Hydrogen atomic spectrum

    When n is small, the phenomenon of quantization is very evident. When n is large, the interval of energy levels is so small that we can think that energy level is immediate. If the basic energy quanta is existent, the Hydrogen atomic spectrum should be with the same intervals. Besides, continuity interval of energy can not be explained with the basic energy quanta.

2 The allowed values of Bohr radius

                n£½1£¬2£¬3...,
   Although people have abandoned the concept that electrons have a regular track, the quantization of tracks has been proved. ( electrons might do reciprocating movement, which we don't discuss here.). We notice that the intervals of radiuses are all the same. The energy quanta is obviously not same and they are far apart. So the track of Hydrogen atom can not be explained with the basic energy quanta.

Fig 17.02   The allowed values of Bohr radius

3 Other relevant facts
   If the "basic energy quanta" exist assuredly, then we just need several eV (electron volt) to explain blackbody radiation problem. However, energy is usually more than kilomega eV in the field of high energy physics, therefore, the phenomenon of quantization can be entirely ignored. In the fact, the phenomenon of quantization is more distinct in high energy physics.
   If the "basic energy quanta" really exist, then the infrared wave band of electromagnetic spectrum should have obvious phenomenon of quantization. And in far infrared wave band, there should be a intercept point, which is basic energy-quanta. However, we not only haven't found phenomenon of quantization in infrared wave band, but also haven't found the intercept point in far infrared spectra. On the contrary, in ultraviolet wave band, especially the high-energy field, it is really incontinuous.

   From a lot of physical facts at present, no matter the blackbody radiation of low energy or the problem of high energy physics, we can explain all of the problems entirely by using the concept of wavelength quantization. In other words, the source of quantization in microcosmic world is wavelength quantization. Someone has directly pointed out that: the limit of spatial scale is the Planck length, which is meter, which is also called as natural "basic-length".

The origin of material mass
1.String theory
   In order to understand the physical meaning of mass, we should borrow the concept of string theory. String theory start In 1968. In string theory, any particle is not a point from the traditional sense, but is opening or folding string. When they vibrate in different modes, they are different particles of nature (electrons, photons,gravitation”­”­). When we don't see the particle as points any longer, but as a kind of string, infinity no longer appears in calculating mechanics. And the calculating result is limited and significant, avoiding the divergent problem of point's model. The redeeming feature is that point particles are replaced by strings. Particles are vibrating strings, not points in space. The string theory indicates that the mass of a long string is small while the mass of a short one is great.
    What is interesting is that in high-energy physics experiments, the main work is cut off the string into several pieces, accordingly the greater mass of particle is produced. This shows that the shorter string have the greater mass.

2. Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
   In 1927, Heisenberg brought forward the uncertainty principle. We should explain that: "Uncertainty" is not caused by instruments' interference or measurements' defect. It reflects the basic rules of microscopic particles' sports. Uncertainty principle has been proved by a lot of experiments. And it contains an important element. That is the less the mass of a particle is, the greater the uncertainty of its position is. Contrariwise, the greater the mass of a particle is, the less the uncertainty of its position is. We can conclude that, the greater the mass of particle is, the smaller the space it occupying is, We can say: less space ---- more mass.

3. Matter wave
   In 1924, De Broglie successfully extended the undulation character of photons to electrons and microcosmic field. The matter waves of electrons, neutrons and other practicality particles are proved by experiments one after another. The undulation character of particles changes people's views to microcosmic particle radically. From the name of "particle", we can know people used points to image microcosmic particles in the past. But, actually, they are waves rather than points. The De Broglie matter's waves indicate that to the same particles, the greater the energy is, the shorter the wavelengh is. This is just the theory basis of modern electron microscopes. Again, We can say: less wavelengh ---- more energy.

4. Photons
   People have been familiar with the actions of photons. Direct, we can say: less wavelengh ---- more energy.
   Facts above is different from the macro world, We always think that the large stone must be more weighty, but in microscopic world it's just reverse. However, there also is evidences in macro world. For example, special theory of relativity indicates that object  with high speed, its mass increase but its length shorten. So we can see that short relate to weightily in the macro world.
    We have proved that in gravitational field it's not an unexpected thing that the mass becomes less and the length becomes longer. The conclusions about mass in microcosmic level are entirely consistent.

The nature of gravity
    According to the rule of "mass decrease”śstrings increase", in gravitational field the mass of particles are relatively small, so the basic-string of gravitational field space is relatively long. The concrete relationship is the scale transformation formulae in gravitational field. The Fig 17.03 shows the changing relationship of the string's length in gravitational field. Einstein used the concept of curved space to express this relationship.

Fig 17.03 the change of a string's length in gravitational field

   The rules of microcosmic world show that particles always transit towards the direction of lower energy state. The energy state in gravitational field is lower, so moving to gravitational field so the particles can release energy. The macro performance of the collectivity of particles transferring to low energy state is gravity. If they want to transfer to a high energy state, they need external force work or energy. Image that, microcosmical particles like to live in big houses. If they are transferred to a small house, they must be given some compensation”śenergy. For a long time, it's believed that the nature meets the simple principle. And people should describe the nature with concepts as little as possible. At last, a theory which describes the microcosmical particles could describe all the natural rules including general theory of relativity. This is exciting.
     If we think the "basic-length" is equivalent to "basic-string", then particles should be "basic-string" or "combinations of basic-string". Obviously "basic-string" can not be divided any more. It's worth to show that particles such as electrons are combination of basic-string. Combination state is not necessarily a straight line state. So there is no a simple quantitative relationship between the mass of particle table. Of cause, the mass of the particles which have the same spin indeed conform to certain rules (for example the Reggie track). This may show that they have the same combination mode. Furthermore, the decisive factor of basic-string quantum is the vacuum. So it's not unexpected that inertia mass and gravitational mass are equivalent. Just as Professor Zhengdao Li said: All the physics is in vacuum.

Zhan, Li Kui 6/18/2007

Home     previous     Next