11   measured values of the light velocity

The quarrel on radar wave
    In 1964, Shapiro, an America scholar, made radar wave pass the verge of the sun and reach the opposite Venus, after being reflected then it returned to the earth . The time that actual expended is beyond 205 microseconds that expected. This experiment is one of experiments which support the general theory of relativity.
    To echo delaying, someone thinks that because ray bends when it passes by the vicinity of the sun, radar wave goes a longer journey rather than along straight journey. However, we can calculate the time spent on the extra distance is only 0.05 microseconds for we have known the angle of deflection. Obviously, the opinion that the distance increases canĄ¯t explain the facts.
    Nowadays, there are two explanations to the radar wave delay experiment. One kind of view points that: Llight velocity in gravitation fields is relative low. If we observe it from far enough the light velocity which in celestial body radii r shows as follows:
  
   At the same time, this kind of view points out that the light velocity is still the c measured in gravitation fields, because the clock and the rule take place change in gravitation fields.
   Another kind of view do not think the light velocity take place change. Any scholar points out:, "the echo of radar delay do not prove that the light velocity becomes slow in curvcvod-space, because the rule and the clock which we used measure the light velocity on the earth are not equal to those that the every position of radar passing".
    By all appearances, both do not deny that rule and clock are change in the gravitation fields.The first view takes the far enough rule and clock as standard to measure the ones in the gravitation fields. We call the first one as "alien-measure". The second one takes rule and clock in the gravitation field to measure the ones in the same place. We call it as "same-measure".

It is ineluctable to adopt tow conceptions
    Above controversy has long history, this has its complicated historical reasons. At present, this issue has become the primary obstacle to the development of theory, Why have to use time to denote distance in general theory of relativity? Why it is difficult to investigate on gravitational fields? Etc. All these refer to this issue. It is the Only Choice that we adhibit two concepts at the measure.
    It is necessary to note that, the light velocity is not always the c by "alien-measure". This does not breach the special theory of relativity because this is result of adopt  different concept. The special theory of relativity belongs to theory of flat space. i.e. in the category of "same-measure".
    With the development of the society, we should be absolutely out of the trouble of history. And it is not necessary for us to be afraid of change of light velocity. If we continue to refuse the fact of space difference, it would do harm to the development of theory and academic exchanges. Besides, there are no better methods to solve the problem.
    1. It is unavoidable that the general relativity theory adopt time to express distance. It was very difficult that people were convinced of the light velocity is changeless at that time. Tody after more then 100 years, people understand is even not easy. However, the special theory of relativity adopt coordinate frame with different interval and rely on special mathematics system. The system info is very complex and hard to understand and not convenient to exchange and development.
    2. Curvcvod Space is a vague conception which canĄ¯t describe or distinguish different kinds of spaces quantitatively.
    3. There is no practicable at "Same-measure". Rule and clock and not the same in different high. In fact, the same rule and are not existent unless the length of rule equal to zero. Otherwise, the measuer can not handle in most situations such as place the rule and clock on the surfac of the sun.
    4. "Same-measure" doesnĄ¯t meet the definition of velocity. Rule and clock are not consistent in the way that the radar wave pass by, We would not sovling the velocities of composition ta last.
    5. the difficulty of  "same-measure" is not only in the gravitational field but in daily life. We all know that the light velocity in glass is lower than that in vacuum because we take the rule and clock in vacuum as standards. The result must be the standard c if we use the rule and clock which in the light path namely the atom space of glass. But this kind of measurement is obviously unrealizable and unnecessary.
    The light velocity in glass is less than the standard c because we used the rule and clock out of the glass. The same way, the light velocity is less than the standard c because we used the rule and clock out of the gravitational fields. In fact, it is very easy. But we make it complex.
    Fig. 11.01a shows the concept of "same-measure". The rule and clock in the measurement are equal with the ones where the light rays pass by in a small place. Fig. 11.01b shows the concept of "alien-measure" . The rule and clock in the measurement are different with the ones where light ray passes by.

Fig. 11.01 the "same-measure". and the "alien-measure"

Something about the special theory of relativity
   This concept has nothing to do with "visual images" or "measuring images". In the theory of relativity, moving clocks become slow. But the clocks we observed would be quicker if they moving toward the observer because the next clock signal would transmit in a smaller distance. Some scholar describe these kinds of problems with "measuring images" and "visual images". However, this hasnĄ¯t made the problems clear. In the essence, the transform formula of special theory of relativity is neither a measuring image nor a visual image. It is a logical transform relation. If we donĄ¯t transform like this, energy and momentum conservation law will be damaged because the special theory of relativity reacts the relative relation between the energy and momentum of the two systems.

Zhan, Li Kui 6/18/2007

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